Explaining Prakruti Exam Points By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande

Functions of Endocrine Glands or their Hormones

Functions of Endocrine Glands or their Hormones

By – Prof.Dr.R.R.deshpande ( MD in Chikitsa & Kriya )

Article is from his own Text Book of Kriya Sharir Paper 1 Part A & Part B

1)  Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland secretes a variety of different hormones. They are -

1) Growth hormone - which controls growth.

2) Prolactin - which promote milk production at the end of pregnancy.

3) Thyroid - Stimulating hormone which control the output of thyroid hormone (TSH).

4) Follicle - Stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH), which control the production of eggs (Ovum) from the ovary & maintenance of pregnancy after fertilization 5) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - which control the output of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

6) Oxytocin - which releases milk from the breast & causes the womb (Uterus) to contract.

7) Vasopressin - Also called the antidiuretic hormone, which increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys & controls water loss.

8) Melanocyte Stimulating hormone (MSH), which stimulates the growth of pigment cells in the skin.

1) Growth Hormone (G.H.)

Secreted by chromophils (Acidophilic cells)

G.H. = Somatotrophic Hormone (S.T.H.) (Soma = body cell)

The function of this hormone is seen on all the cells of the body, except reproductive cells.

Functions

i) Promotes & regulates the process of growth.

ii) Increase of Messenger RNA in the cells, which promotes protein synthesis.

iii) Amino acid transport & protein synthesis is enhanced.

iv) Accelerate linear growth of skeleton & widening of epiphysis.

Muscles, viscera & tissue increase in size & weight.

v) Rate of carbohydrate utilization decreases. So conservation process takes place.

vi) Fat metabolism increases blood level of free fatty acids & glycerol increases.

vii) Increased retention of sodium, potassium & phosphorus

Pathology

Causes of excessive GH - Tumour, idiopathic (cause not known)

A) Hyper secretion of GH

1) Gigantism - It occurs in the growing age (12 to 20 years)

Symptoms

i) Overgrowth of skeleton (Height becomes 7 to 8 feet). Bones are thickened & deformed.

ii) Increase in the size of muscles, viscera & other body tissues.

iii) Skin & subcutaneous tissue – thick. iv) BMR increases

2) Acromegaly

If GH secretion increases, in the adult person then in spite of linear growth, transverse growth occurs

Symptoms

i) Enlargement, overgrowth & thickening of bones of limbs, jaw, cheeks & supra orbital ridges. ii) Skull bones thickened.

iii) Face appears broader. iv)  Hands & feet thickened.

v) Viscera (Heart, lungs, liver & spleen) enlarged.

B) Hyposecretion of GH

1) Dwarfism

Causes - Necrosis of the gland, after intracranial hemorrhage

a) Lorain levy type

Symptoms

i) Stunted body growth up to the 3 feet

ii) Sex organs remain infantile

iii) Metabolic functions & intelligence can remain normal.

a) Brissaud type

Symptoms - i) Symptoms are same as above.

ii) In addition, excessive fat deposition on face.

If growth hormone is absent during early life, pituitary Dwarfism results. Excess during this period causes Gigantism. After the end of the growth period, excess growth hormone causes the disease Acromegaly. Pituitary failure has widespread effects, including failure of normal sexual development at puberty, loss of steroid (Cortisol) production & consequent weakness, a low metabolic rate from thyroid under action, an excessive urinary output (Diuresis) & bleaching of the skin.

Cushing's Syndrome

Cushing's Syndrome is a result of excessive output of some of the pituitary hormones, usually from a tumour. Simmond's disease is the result of extreme under function of the gland, usually from loss of blood supply / destruction by tumour. The effect is severe weight loss, great weakness & under activity of the thyroid & adrenal glands. Diabetes insipidus is the result of lack of production of the hormone vasopressin. There is an abnormally large output of urine, resulting in extreme thirst. Deficiency of this hormone causes the tubules of the kidneys to lose their power to concentrate urine.

The other endocrine glands

Prompted by the pituitary, the other endocrine gland, in turn, produce their own hormones such as -

1) Adrenaline - From the inner part of the adrenal glands.

2) Cortisol (Corticosteroid) - From the outer part of the adrenals.

3) Thyroxine, Tri - iodothyronine - From the thyroid gland.

4) Calcitonin - From the thyroid gland.

5) Insulin & Glucagon - From the pancreas.

6) Parathyroid - From the parathyroid gland

7) Oestrogen & Progesterone - From the ovaries.

8) Testosterone - From the testicles

Functions of Thyroid Glands

1) Convert energy into heat

(by oxidative phosphorylation – ATP break down)

Body temperature is maintained by this heat.

40% heat produced in the body is regulated by thyroid gland. So, in the thyroid deficiency BMR is reduced.

2) Tissue & cellular metabolism is stimulated

3) Metabolism of Nutrients

Protein – Uptake & break down of proteins is accelerated

Carbohydrates – More breakdown of carbohydrates. Hence, in hyperthyroidism, mild diabetic symptoms are observed.

Fats – Blood cholesterol level goes down (Normal cholesterol level in the blood is equal to 200 mg%. in hyperthyroidism cholesterol level can be up to 120-100 mg %)

Minerals – Calcium & phosphates are removed from bones & excreted in more mount.

In thyroid deficiency. NaCl is retained in ECF (Extra Cellular Fluid) So, increased fluid retention & oedema a develops in Myxoedema.

Vitamins – Thyroxine helps in conversion of β carotene into vitamin A.

4) Effects on various organs

i) CNS – Due to deficiency of thyroxine, subnormal development of Neurons (Hence, mental retardation is seen in cretinism )

ii) CVS (Cardio Vascular System) – Due to more O2 consumption rate & force of cardiac output increases. (Hence in hyper thyroidism, patient complains of (c/o) Tachycardia. Palpitation (Perceiving the self heart sound)

iii) G.I. tract (Gastrointestinal tract) – Thyroxin increases the absorption rate & hence appetite increases.

iv)  Bone – Removal of calcium & phosphorus from bones (In hyper secretions due to Demineralization bones become hollow & osteoporosis develops)

v) Testes & ovaries – Normal functioning of gonads.

vi) Blood – Normal maturation of RBC’ s

vii) Mammary glands – Maintain & increased secretion of Milk (Lactation)

5) Thyroid hormone is essential for normal metabolic processes. So, normal body development is also depends on this hormone. Hence in thyroid deficiency (Cretinism) retarted growth is seen.

6) Thyroid Hormone maintains body temperature.

7) Thyroid hormone maintains water balance in the body (by controlling ECF – Extra cellular fluid)

3) Parathyroid Glands

These are 4 small, bean - shaped organs, each about half a centimeter long, which lie in the substance of the thyroid Gland. They secrete the hormone called   Parathormone, which regulates the fate of calcium & phosphorous in the body. This hormone is automatically produced, if the level of calcium in the blood drops & its presence causes the blood calcium level to rise again by the release of calcium from the bones, a reduction in calcium loss by the kidneys & increased absorption from the bowel.

Sometimes the Parathyroids enlarge / develop tumours & secrete too much parathormone. The result is excessive loss of calcium from bones resulting in softening. Surgery is usually necessary to remove some of the glands. Insufficient parathormone result in low blood calcium - a potentially dangerous condition featuring abnormal muscles excitability & spasm (Tetany).

4) The adrenal glands

The adrenals are 2 small but important endocrine organs, sitting like triangular caps - one on the top of each kidney. Each adrenal has 2 distinct parts, the inner core - which produces adrenaline & an outer layer (Cortex) - which produces 3 kinds of steroid hormones - Cortisol to help the body to react to stress, Aldosterone to control water balance & sex hormones. Because all these hormones have such a powerful effect on the body, any disorder of the adrenals is serious.

Adrenaline is the secretion of the inner part of the adrenal glands & of certain nerve endings. It is produced when the body is required to make unusual efforts. It speeds up the heart, increases the rate breathing, raises the blood pressure, deflects the blood circulation from the digestive system to the muscles, mobilizes the fuel glucose & causes a sense of alertness & excitement. These changes allow more effective physical action, as may be needed in a situation of danger. It has been described as the hormone of 'fright, fight / flight'. One of the ways in which stress is thought to cause damage is by the over - frequent & inappropriate production of adrenaline & the resultant raising of the blood pressure with possible permanent damage to the vital arteries.

The natural corticosteroid hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal glands are cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone & androsterone. Cortisol & corticosterone are called glucocorticoids because they are concerned with the body's usage of glucose & other nutrients. Aldosterone is called as mineral corticoid because it is responsible for the control of blood levels of minerals such as sodium & potassium and, thereby, control of water balance. Androsterone is an androgen, a male sex hormone similar to testosterone produced in the testicles.

Details of Glucocorticoids

Functions

1) Hypersensitivity due to allergy is inhibited. Histamine synthesis depressed. Check anaphylactic shock (inj. Decadron / Efcorlin should be in the emergency bag.)

2) Produce peripheral vasoconstriction, hence BP rises. This function is useful in the hypotensive shock.

3) Eosinophil count is reduced hence used in the condition of Eosinophilia (Causes are – Bronchial asthma, allergy worms, Tropical eosinophilia)

4) Muscular action is stimulated, hence used in bodyache & backache.

5) Counter act the symptoms of stress.

6) Mental changes – Euphoria (Mental feeling of enjoyment)

7) Promote the secretion of HCl in the stomach. Hence steroids should not be used in the cases of hyperacidity / peptic ulcer

8) Anti-inflammatory action – used in R.A. (Rheumatoid arthritis)

9) Action on nutrients

a) Proteins – Steroids break down the tissue proteins.

b) Due to steroids, blood sugar level increases (Hence contraindicated in diabetes mellitus)

c) Fats – Steroids increase the absorption of dietary fat (Hence uncontrolled use of steroids may increase the obesity)

Details of Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

Actions of Adrenaline

1) Systolic blood pressure is raised.

2) Rate, force & output of the heart is increased.

3) Coronary blood vessels are dilated.

4) Eyes – pupils are dilated.

5) Skeletal muscles are stimulated, enhanced working capacity, hence delayed fatigue.

6) Smooth muscles of G.I. tract, urinary bladder & uterus are relaxed.

7) BMR is increased, blood glucose level is increased.

Note - Inj. Adrenaline subcutaneous (S/C) is also a life saving drug & should be kept in emergency bag.

Adrenaline acts as a neurotransmitter at the sympathetic system.

Details of Nor-Adrenaline (Nor-Epinephrine)

Actions of Non-adrenaline

1) General vasoconstrictor.

2) Hence systolic & diastolic both the types of blood pressure are raised.

3) Pathology - Over secretion of nor-adrenaline

Cause - Benign tumour of adrenal medulla (Pheocromocytoma)

Investigation - Urinary catecholamines (VMA) are increased in 24 hr. urine sample.

5) The pancreas

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes which pass into the first part of the small intestine (Duodenum). But it is also an endocrine gland, containing groups of specialized cells, in areas known as the Islets of Langerhans, which monitor the concentration of glucose in the blood & secrete appropriate amount of the hormones, insulin & glucagon to lower / raise the amounts of sugar as necessary.

Glucagon is a protein hormone, produced by the islet cells of the gland, which has an effect opposite to that of insulin. Glucagon is also involved in the mobilization of fatty acids for energy purposes. It is used as an emergency measure when the blood sugar levels are dangerously low (Hypo glycaemia) & must be rapidly raised. A glucagon injection can prevent brain damage / even save life.

Insulin acts by forming port on cell membranes which allows glucose to pass in. In its absence, glucose, which is the main fuel of the body, can not get into the cells & accumulates in the blood. The body responds to its need for glucose by releasing more from the muscles which waste away. The wasting disorder caused by insufficient insulin is called Diabetes mellitus & is corrected by injections of insulin.

Functions of Testesteron

1) Development & maintains male accessory organs (like seminal vesicles, prostate gland)

2) Enhances spermatogenesis

3) Development & control of secondary sex characters in male.

4) Acts as an anabolic hormone in association with GH.

Affecting protein metabolism – Positive nitrogen balance

Deposition of calcium in bones & their development

Na, K, Ca, P – These minerals are retained in the body

Stimulates growth & body weight increases.

5) Stimulation of Erythropoiesis

6) BMR is increased.

7) Skin – Subcutaneous tissue, sweat & sebaceous gland are developed & they are under the influence of testesterone.

8) Renal blood flow increases.

9) Development of emotional maturity.

Functions of Oestrogen

Functions

1) Development of female accessory sex organs.

2) Development of female secondary sex characters.

3) Menstrual cycle – Oestrogen influences Follicular phase i.e. 1st half of menstrual cycle. Oestrogen secretion is maximum around ovulation period. During  secretory phase (2nd half of M.C.) Oestrogen acts with progesterone.

4) During pregnancy – Oestrogen secretion by placenta keeps on increasing till full term, when myometrium of uterus develops under its action.

5) Vaginal epithelium multiplies & is keratinized by oestrogen & pH of vaginal secretion becomes more acidic (prevents infection)

6) Due to oestrogen, calcium deposition in the bones in stimulated.

Hence Osteoporosis / backache are common problems after menopause. In these cases gynecologist suggest HRT (Hormonal Replacement Therapy)

7) Oestrogen prevents atherosclerotic changes. Hence, after menopause, hypertension is common in the females also.

Functions of Progesterone

Secreted by Corpus luteum & by placenta.

Functions

1) Progesterone with oestrogen maintains the secretory phase of menstrual cycle.

Withdrawal bleeding is due to fall in progesterone level.

2) Progesterone helps in embedding of fertilizing ovum & its nourishment.

3) Progesterone influences, the formation of placenta. After 1st Trimester, placenta secretes progesterone.

4) Progesterone serves to make the myometrium of gravid uterus, which is non-sensitive to the action of Oxytocin. Action of Oxytocin starts at the time of parturition (labour)

5) Progesterone influences the development of mammary gland (only the growth but not the milk production)

6) Due to progesterone, birth canal, during pregnancy is enlarged.

7) During the progesterone therapy, development & rupture of Graffian follicle is inhibited resulting unovulatory menstrual cycle.

7) Thymus gland

Functions

1) Thymus gland is partly lymphoid & partly endocrine in function.

2) Thymus gland is one of the seats of lymphocyte formation in children.

3) Thymus gland has a relation with the growth of gonads.

4) Thymus helps for the salt deposition in the bones.

5) Recently, it is found that thymus is important in association with immunological processes in the body.

6) Small lymphocytes are said to migrate to various antibody-forming tissues of the body (Spleen, lymph node, thymus etc.)

7) Thymus gland produces ‘curare-like substance which depresses Myoneural junction. Hence, in the disease ‘Myasthenia Gravis’, thymus is found to be enlarged. Myasthenia Gravis is a disease due to deficiency of Ach i.e. Acetylcholine.

Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande

9226810630

professordeshpande@gmail.com

www.ayurvedicfriend.com

Diabetes Mellitus & Ayurvedic Treatment

Diabetes Mellitus & Ayurvedic Treatment

By – Prof.Dr.R.R.deshpande  ( MD in Chikitsa & MD in Kriya)

Mobile – 922 68 10 630

Matter his from my own book – 

Ayurved for General Practitioner ,Proficient Publication

DIABETES  MELLITUS

Classification

(1) Primary  diabetes  mellitus  (DM)  :  No  definite  cause

(a) Insuline  dependant  diabetes  mellitus  (IDDM)

(b) Non-insuline  dependant  diabetes  mellitus  (NIDDM)

(2) Gestational  diabetes  mellitus  (GDM):  First  recognized  during pregnancy  &  subsides  after  that.

(3) Impaired  glucose  tolerance  (IGT)

(4) Potential  abnormality  of  glucose  tolerance(PAGT)

(5) Latent  abnormality  of  glucose  tolerance  (LAGT)

(6) Secondary diabetes mellitus, associated with known conditions &  symptoms.

(a) Endocrine : Acromegaly, cushing.s syndrome, congenital

absence  of  Islet.s  cells.

(b) Metabolic  :  Iron  overload,  pancreatic  calcification,  drug

induced  :  steroids,  thiazide  diuretics.

INVESTIGATIONS

(1) Fasting & Post Glucose blood sugar – For Not Known Diabetic

( 2) Fasting  &  Post  prandial  blood  sugar – For Known Diabetic

(2) Complete  GTT  .  Glucose  tolerance  test.—If Fasting & Post Glucose values are on borderline .Here 5 blood samples are taken like fasting & then Glucose water .Then every half an hour till 2 hours

(3) Modified  GTT --- Due to Economical restraint ,it is alternative to Complete GTT .Fasting sample .Then Glucose water & then 1 hour & 2  hour sample .Total 3 samples

(4) Glycosylated  Hb  .  to  get  idea  about  average  blood  sugar

level,  for  a  particular  period like in last 3 months.It should be below 7

To check for complications in time – Once in a year ---- Regular Retinoscopy from Ophthalmologist to rule out Diabetic Retinopathy. Blood pressure,ECG & 2D Echo to check Ischaemic Changes in heart ,Blood Urea & Creatinine –to rule out Diabetic Nephropathy

TREATMENT

According to Ayurveda ,main classification is made as per Santarponattha or Apatarponnath patho Physiology is there

Shilajit ,Medohar Guggulu are better for Santarponnatha ( Over nutrition )  & Vasantkusumakar is better for Apatarponntha ( Under nutrition & Oja Kshaya)

Detox with Vaman ( after Deepan Pachan with Agni tundi ,Aamapachak vti) is more indicated in Santarponnatha

(1) Chandraprabha  2  Tab.  3  times  a  day

(2) Jasad  Bhasma  100  mg.  +  Suvarnamakshika  Bhasma  125

mg.  3  times  a  day

(3) Jambvasava  3  tablespoon  with  equal  amount  of  water  after meals.

(4) Vasant  kusumakar  Rasa  1  Tab.  Everyday  with  beetle  leaf  & milk.

 (5) Tab.DBN  (Indian  pharmaceutical  co.)    2  Tab.  3  times  a  day.

OR

(1) Madhumeha  Vati  (HP)  2  Tab.  3  times  a  day

(2) Arogyavardhini  Vati  2  Tab.  3  times  a  day

(3) Madhumeha  Kadha  (HP)  4  tablespoon  with  equal  amount  of water  after  meals.

(4) Rasayana  Churna  (HP)  1  tablespoon  2  times  a  day

OR

(1) Jasad  Bhasma  50  mg  +  Vanga  Bhasma  125  mg  +  Suddha  Shilajit  50  mg  +  Suvarnamakshika  Bhasma

50  mg  +  Shrungabhasma  50  mg  +  Praval  Bhasma

50  mg  3  times  a  day.

OR

(i) Bangshil  (A)  :  2  tab.  3  times  a  day.

(ii) Fortege  (A)  2  Tab.  2  times  a  day

(iii) Asanad  (AYR)  2  Tab.  3  times  a  day

OR

(i) Teliya  Asana  Bharada  (ASS)  .  Soke  8  tablespoon  overnight, filter  &  drink  it  in  the  morning

(ii) Suddha  Shilajit  (ASS)  500  mg.  to  1000  mg.  a  day

(iii) Shilajit  Vati  (A)  2  to  4  Tab.  3  times  a  day

(iv) JK 22  (C)  2  Tab.  2  times  a  day

OR

(i) Haridra  +  Amalaki  Churna  2  tablespoon  at  bed  time  with

warm  water.

(ii) Tarkeshwara  Rasa  (B)  1  Tab.  2  times  a  day

(iii) Vasantatilak  Rasa  (Suvarna  Mauktika  yukta)  1Tab.  2  times  a day  with  milk.

OR

(i) Madhumehari  Yoga  (B)  2Tab.  3  times  a  day

(ii) Madhutard  (Zandu)  one  sachet  in  a  glass  of  water  before

meals.

(iii) Trivangashila (Zandu) 2 to 4 Tab. 2 times a day before meals.

(iv) DBT  (Sharangdhara)  2  tab.  2  times  day.

    Tab. DBT  of Sharangadhar Pharma ,Pune – (Gudmar, Jambu beej churna etc. )- Dr.RRD had done a research on it, shows 100 % result. Start  with 1 BD with the allopathic medicine  which  patient is  consuming. Every Sunday patient should check  BSL  on glucometer, gradually dose can be  increased up to 2BD or 2TDS but here allopathy medicine should be reduced or stopped.

It is open appeal to all ,use Tab DBT -- & send your experiences to me on – mailme.drrrdeshpande@rediffmail.com

Regimen

(1) Check  for  Food,  Exercise  and  Medicine  daily.

(2) Always  avoid  unnecessary  intake  of  water.

(3) Always  use  fried  flour  of  wheat,  rice,  Barley,  Black  gram  etc. before  use.

(4) Make  sure  that  patient  takes  plenty  of  bitter  guard  and  leafy vegetables  in  food.

(5) Try  to  take  astringent,  pungent  and  bitter  medicine  everyday  such  as  Haritaki  +  Haridra  +  Jambu  beeja  +  Methi  Beeja

(6) Control  weight.

(7) Avoid  sleep  as  soon  as  meals  and  especially  during  the  day  time.

(8) Everyday  at  least  for  1  hour  exert  yourself.

Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande

9226810630

professordeshpande@gmail.com

www.ayurvedicfriend.com

Clinical Examination of Endocrine system

Clinical Examination of Endocrine system

By Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande ( MD in Kayachikitsa & MD in Sharirkriya)

From his own book of Clinical Examination with Dr.Subhash Ranade .Narendra Prakashan .Rs.120/-

(1) Examine Body Size & Proportions of different organs.

Note - Height, weight, fat Distribution, Limb & trunk Dimensions.

(a) Look for Gigantism, Acromegaly (Hyperpituitarism),

Dwarfism in children (Hypo pituitarism ), Obesity of trunk with relatively thin limbs (cushing’s syndrome due to cortical Hyperadernalism). Tall thin stature, long limbs & youthful appearance in Klinefelter’s syndrome (by failure of testicular development at puberty); Enlargement of peripheral parts ( Large nose, large & prominent lower jaw & big hands) - seen in Acromegaly.

(b)Loss of weight is seen in Diabetes mellitus & Hyperthyroidism.

(2) Examine Hair - for Amount, Texture & Distribution.

(a) Excessive Adrenal cortical function or ovarian tumours in

women- show musculine distribution of hair over the faces, limbs & trunk. (Hirsutism)

(b) In Ant Hypopituitarism & in Addison’s Disease (in wommen)

Loss of pubic & axillany hair. (simmands sheehan Disease)

(c) Eyebrows & Hair on scalp become sparse & Dry in -Hypothyroidism.

(3) Examine Skin - For Temperature, texture, moisture, pallor,

Pigmentation, Bruising, Acne, striae.

(a) Thinning & striation of skin, purpura, due to Increased

capillary fragility seen in -Long term cortico steroid therapy (Cushing’s syndrome)

(b) Dark drown colouring on face, hands, in cutaneous areas &

parts of budy - exposed to light or pressure. Occurs also, where

pigmentation normally more eg axillae, areolae of nipples, around

genitalia -seen in diminished function of Adrenal cortex (Addison’s

disease) - patchy darkening of oral mucaus membrane is confirmatory sign.

c) Skin cold & dry -in Hypothyroidism.

(3) Examine Facies – Like

(a) Acromegalic- Prognathism, enlarged nose & ears, prominent

supercilliary arches.

(b) Myxoedematous facies- puffy eyes, full nose & Lips, pallid

complexion.

(c) Cushingoid facies- High colour, mooning of face (& also acne

on chest)

(4) Examine- Eyes – for Acuity & field of vision, Exophthalmos, ocular pareses, cataract,Retionpathy, Optic Atrophy.

(a) Compression of structures, adjacent to pituitary tumour can

give Eye problem (so, examine for field of vision, optic fundi &

Oculomotor nerves )

(b) Exophthalmos – abnormal prominence of eyes. In severe cases, may be associated with chemosis, corneal lceration,visual impairment, oculomotor paresis (Exopthalmic opthalmoplegia)

Exopthalmos is caused by infiltration of orbital tissues, with a cellular & muco-protein  exudate.Exopthalmos is seen in Hyperthyroidism.Von Graefe’s sign- To demonstrate lid-lag

the Doctor moves his finger slowly down from above. The seated

patient is asked to watch the finger all the way, upper eyelids is then seen to lag behind the eyeball.

(C) Deposits of Non - pitting myxoedemas ® can be seen in

lower eyelids (& supra clavicular fossae.)

(5) Examine mouth – for

(a) Dehydration (Dry tongue) - In polyuria (Diabetes Insipidus

 due to deficiency of ADH); Sodium depletion (In ACTH

insufficiency- seen in addison’s disease or Hypopituitarism )

(b) Patchy darkening of oral mucous membrane in Addison’s

disease.

(6) Examine Neck – For

(a) Thyrold tumour

- Goitre moves upwards during swallowing.

- palpation (Doctor stands behind the patient) - Diffuse & soft

in primary Grave’s disease. One or more firm localized nodules in Toxic  nodular Goitre. Over active or vascular goitre give - soft, blowing  systolic murmur over goitre. (Murmur is not present in Non toxic Goitre)

(b) Parathyroid tumour - Parathyroid Adenoma gives condition

of Hyperparathyroidism ( Generalized Ostitis fibrosa cystica)

(7) Examine cardiovascular system for - Hypertension,

Hypotension,  Heart Rate & Rhythm.

(a) Hyperthyroidism - Palpitations,Tachycardia (Persists during sleep,) Complication- Cardiac failure.

(b) Hypothyroidism – Bradycardia .complication - Atheromatous coronary artery disease, due to disturbed lipid metabolism.

(c) Hypopituitarism - Hypotension.

(d) Cushing’s syndrome - (Adrenal cortical hyperplasia) - prolonged use of  corticosteroid .Hyperthyroidism -

Disability & prognosis, depends on cardiovasclar effects of

accompanying D.M, Hypertension.

(e) Conn’s syndrome (Rare) - due to Aldosterone secreting

tumour. - Hypertension due to sodium Retention.

(f) Addison's Disease - (Hypoadrenalism - diminished function

of Adrenal cortex )- Due to Low Na+ & Cl– -dehydration ®

Hypotension.

(g) Hyper-adrenalism - medullary (Phaeochromocytoma) -

Attacks of sweating & trembling with dramatic rise of B.P

(h) D.M- Diabetic keto acidosis - Vomiting, Dehydration,

Hypotension.

(8) Examine - Respiratory system for - Hyperventilation or

Hypoventilation.

(a) Hyperthyroidism - Dyspnoea

(b) Diabetic keto acidosis - Hyperventilation due to acidosis

(Air Hunger.)

(9) Examine - Abdomen for Adrenal or panereatic tumour & for G I tract problems.

(a) Hyperthyroidism - Diarrhoea

(b) Hypothyroidism - constipation (complication -Intestinal

obstruction from paralytic ileus)

(c) Hypoadrenalism - Cortical - Addisonian crisis- Dehydration

+ Hypotension + abdominal tenderness.

(d) Hyperparathyroidism - Excessive mobilization of Ca from

bones. So hypercalcaemia can cause peptic ulceration.

(10) Examine - Genitalia - For size & configuration of genitalia &

breasts.

(a) Adults Hypopituitarism - Impaired sexual function, Genital

Atrophy.

(b) Hyperadrenalism - cortical (Adrenal virilizing syndrome)-

Clitoris is enlarged (Mistaken for a penis & fused labia for a scrotum - so infant may be brought up as a boy - which is pseudo - hermaphroditism. ) In boys - Precocious development of secondary sex character.

(C) Primary Testicular Defects - Eunuchoidism - Abscence

or Infantile character of testes. (Mumps with orchitis may also be

causative factor)

(d) Klinefelter’s syndrome - Failure of Testicular development

at puberty & enlargement of mammary glands.

(e) Turner’s syndrome - In women, deficiency in ovarian

function results into Amenorrhoea & lack of feminine contour.

(11) Examine - Nervous system for mental changes, stupor, Tremors, Tetany, Refiexes.

(a) Hyperthyroidism - Nervousness, Tremors of out stretched

hands, sweats, Intolerance to Hot weather.Complication - Psychosis.

(b)Hypothyroidism - Lethargy, Difficulty in concentration, feeling

of cold, slowing up of patient's physical & mental processes, Deafness, movements are sluggish, reactions delayed, voice-slow, deep & husky, Delayed relaxation of Tendon reflex responses. Thyroid deficiency in children - cretinism - mental Retardation. Complication - Organic psychosis (myxoedema madness)

(c) Hyperadrenalism - medullary - phaeochrmocytoma- Attacks

of sweating, trembling, fear & pallor.

(d) Hyperparathyroidism - Hypercalcaemia causes mental

disorders.

(e) Hypoparathyroidism - Hypocalcaemia causes mental

derangement & convulsions.

(f) Diabetic Keto acidosis - Drowsiness & coma .Complications of D.M - strokes & ischaemic changes, in toes (Gangrene), Diabetic Neuropathy ® paraesthesiae with Loss of ankle

jerks & vibration sense.

(g) Hypoglycemia - Faintness, dizziness, sweating. (Hunger,

palpitation - all relived by taking sugar)

(12) Examine muscuto skeletal system for kyphosis, fractures & deformities.

(a) Hyperpituitarism - Gigantism in childhood & Acromegaly

in adults. Aeromegaly - Supercilliary arches, cheek bones, Lower jaw are greatly enlarged. (Prognathism = Projecting jaw) Teeth are separated by enlargement of jaw, Hands & feet are enlarged, kyphosis

(b) Hypopituitarism - Dwarfism.

(c) Cushing’s syndrome - (obesity of trunk ) with relatively thin

limbs, kyphosis.

(d) Klinefelter’s syndrome - (failure of testicular development

at puberty) - Tall, thin stature, long limbs & youth full appearance.

(e) Hyperparathyroidisn - Excess mobilization of Ca from

skeleton leads to tender swellings & deformity of bones (Generalized osteitis fibrosa cystica.)

(f) Hypoparathyroidism - Most IMP sign is “Tetany”- Diagnosis by carpopedal spasms (Hands are in a state of painful

spasm with fingers tightly apposed, thumb flexed & adducted across palm, terminal phalanges hyper extended, wrist flexed.

- Trousseau’s sign - Squeezing the arm (arm can be

compressed by cuff of sphygmomanometer.) or leg & evoking

carpopedal spasms, which are latent.

- Chvostek’s sign - Tapping over facial Nerve, as it emerges

from stylomastoid foramen; which will cause catraction of facial muscles on one side & angle of mouth is drawn up

Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande

9226810630

professordeshpande@gmail.com

www.ayurvedicfriend.com